Motion depicted in this image is for simulation purposes only

H. Leidecker, L. Panashchenko, J. Brusse, "Electrical Failure of an Accelerator Pedal Position Sensor Caused by a Tin Whisker and Investigative Techniques Used for Whisker Detection", 5th International Tin Whisker Symposium, Sept. 2011

"Lead-Free Electronics Reliability - An Update", A. Kostic, GEOINT Development Office, Aerospace Corporation, August 2011

"Long Term Investigation of Urethane Conformal Coating Against Tin Whisker Growth", L. Panashchenko, IPC Tin Whisker Conference, Dec. 2010

"Examples of Lognormal Distributions of Tin Whisker Lengths and Thicknesses", extracted from master's thesis of L. Panashchenko, 2009 (full dissertation link)

"How do whiskers and hillocks grow in Pb-free Sn coatings? Fundamental mechanisms controlling stress evolution and whisker growth", E. Chason/Brown University Powerpoint File (with embedded animation/movies) Adobe PDF file (No Animation)

Videos:  "Real-Time Growth Videos of Whiskers and Hillocks in Tin Over Copper Structures", Brown University

	Whisker Photo Gallery Updated
	Whisker Anecdotes Added

"Evaluation of Environmental Tests for Tin Whisker Assessment", L. Panashchenko, Univ. of Maryland Thesis, Dec. 2009

"Examination of Nickel Underlayer as a Tin Whisker Mitigator", L. Panashchenko, M. Osterman, ECTC, May 2009  Presentation (modified for tin whisker telecon)

"Examination of Nickel Underlayer as a Tin Whisker Mitigator", L. Panashchenko, M. Osterman, ECTC, May 2009 Paper Presentation

	Video: Zinc Whiskers on Hot Dip Galvanized (HDG) Steel and Whisker Bending Due to Electrostatic Attraction, J. Brusse, A. Purves
	"Probabilistic Assessment of Component Lead-to-Lead Tin Whisker Bridging", S. McCormack, Intl. Conf. on Soldering and Reliability, May 2009

"Theory of Tin Whisker Growth-The End Game", J. Smetana, iNEMI Tin Whisker Workshop, May 2005 (updated 2007)

	"Tin Whiskers Electrical Short Circuit Characteristics", K. Courey, et al Part II, IEEE Trans. on Electronic Packaging Manufacturing, Vol. 32, No. 1, January 2009 Part I,  IEEE Trans. on Electronic Packaging Manufacturing, Vol. 31, No. 1, January 2008
	"Whisker formation in Sn and Pb–Sn coatings: Role of intermetallic growth, stress evolution, and plastic deformation processes", E. Chason, et al, Applied Physics Letters 92, 171901, April 2008
	"Plastic deformation processes in Cu/Sn bimetallic films",K.S. Kumar, et al, J. Mater. Res., Vol. 23, No. 11, Nov 2008

	Whisker Growth Videos by CALCE (University of Maryland) Rapid whisker growth captured via time-lapse photography in SEM
	"Zinc Whiskers, What Nobody's Telling You - A New Zinc Whisker Threat", Webinar by Data Clean Corporation

"Tin Whiskers with Special Morphology ", H. Hao, Y. Shi, Beijing University of Technology, July 2008

	"Whisker Growth on SAC Solder Joints: Microstructural Analysis", P. Snugovsky, et al, SMTA Toronto, May 2008 Technical Presentation Technical Paper
	Whisker Anecdote #6: "SEM Images of a 27 Year Old Sample Containing Tin Whiskers in Comparison to Salt (NaCl) Whiskers", P. Fontana, June 2008

April 2008

"Whisker and Hillock formation on Sn, Sn–Cu and Sn–Pb electrodeposits", W.J. Boettinger, et al, Acta Materialia 53, 2005, pp 5033-55

December 2007

"Metal Whiskers: Failure Modes & Mitigation Strategies", J. Brusse, H. Leidecker, L. Panashchenko, MRQW, Dec. 2007

July 2007

"Review of Aerospace Corp. Pre- and Post-Project 1998 Tin Whisker Work", G. Eng, et al, Apr. 2003

June 2007

	"Understanding Tin Plasmas:  A New Approach to Tin Whisker Plasma Risk Assessment", G. Eng, Intl. Symposium on Tin Whiskers,  Apr. 2007 "Tin Plasma Video", G. Eng. Intl. Symposium on Tin Whiskers, Apr. 2007
	"Evaluation of Faradayic Plating Method for Controlling Tin Whisker Growth", H. Garich, Intl. Symposium on Tin Whiskers,  Apr. 2007
	"Mitigating and Preventing the Growth of Tin and Other Metal Whiskers on Critical Hardware", S. Barr, 2007 Paper Presentation

May 2007

	"Metal Whiskering", H. Leidecker, Intl. Symposium on Tin Whiskers, Apr. 2007
	"Space Shuttle Program-Tin Whisker Mitigation", K. Nishimi, Intl. Symposium on Tin Whiskers, Apr. 2007
	NASA Shuttle Logistics Depot - Tin Whisker Video Hi-Res MPEG file (~45MBytes) Lo-Res WMV file (~11Mbytes)

March 2007

Tin Whisker Videos! Card Rails, Connectors, Transformers, RF Enclosures

December 2006

"Nickel Cadmium Batteries:  A Medium for the Study of Metal Whiskers and Dendrites", A. Cyganowski/Notre Dame Prep High School, Dec. 2006

October 2006

	"Tracer Diffusion in Whisker-Prone Tin Platings", T. Woodrow, SMTAI, Sept. 2006 Technical Paper Presentation
	"Evaluation of Conformal Coatings as a Tin Whisker Mitigation Strategy, Part 2", T. Woodrow, SMTAI, Sept. 2006

July 2006

"HP Experience with Tin Whisker Inspection Training", V. Schroeder, circa August 2005

June 2006

Videos - Metal Whiskers on Variable Air Capacitor, Terminal Lugs, et al

April 2006

	VIDEOS - "Preliminary" Guidance for Optical Microscope Inspection for Metal Whiskers
	"Tin Whiskers: A History of Documented Electrical System Failures", H. Leidecker, J. Brusse, April 2006

October 2005

NIST Workshop- October 5-7, 2005 "Restricted Substances in Materials:  Testing and Reporting Procedures Workshop"

August 2005 

	Westinghouse Nuclear Tech Bulletin TB-05-4, "Potential Tin Whiskers on Printed Circuit Board Components", June 8, 2005
	Westinghouse Nuclear Tech Bulletin TB-02-5, "(Tin Whiskers on Potentiometers used in) Basler Power Supplies", July 12, 2002

July 2005 

P. Daddona, "Reactor Shutdown: Dominion Learns Big Lesson from a Tiny Tin Whisker", The Day (New London, CT), July 4, 2005

April 2005

T. Woodrow, "Evaluation of Conformal Coatings as a Tin Whisker Mitigation Strategy", IPC/JEDEC 8th International Conference on Pb-Free Electronic Components and Assemblies, San Jose, CA, April 18-20, 2005 Technical Paper (~11 Mbytes) Presentation (~19 Mbytes)

January 2005

	Anecdote - Field Failures from Tin Whiskers on Circuit Breaker Contacts
	Anecdote - Field Failures from Tin Whiskers Breaking Loose from RF Lids
	Anecdote - Tin Whiskers on RF Shields of GPS modules
	"Zinc Whiskers: Hidden Cause of Equipment Failures", J. Brusse, M. Sampson, IEEE IT Professional, 2004 Nov/Dec Vol. 6. No. 6, pp 43-47
	"Tin Whiskers:  The Next Y2K Problem?", I. Amato, Fortune Magazine
	European Union RoHS Stakeholder Consultation
	Stakeholder Feedback Requesting Exemption for Sn-Pb plated finishes

H. Reynolds, R. Hilty, "Investigations of Zinc (Zn) Whiskers using FIB Technology", IPC/JEDEC Boston, Dec. 2004

LITERATURE REFERENCES - >100+ Whisker Citations